Methodology for Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Power System Usingparticle Swarm Optimization and Dynamic Programming

AbstractA methodology for optimal sizing of hybrid battery-ultracapacitor power system (HPS) is presented. The purpose of the proposed methodology is to locate the optimal voltage levelfor HPS used in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). A combined optimization framework for a HPS is proposed and the optimization problem is solved in a bi-level manner. The framework contains two nested optimization loops. The outer loop evaluates the selected parameters throughparticle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, while the inner loop generates the optimal control strategy and calculates the costs through dynamic programming (DP) algorithm. The Chinese Typical City Bus Drive Cycle (CTCBDC) has beenused to verify and evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology. The optimization result shows that higher voltage degree usually means better performance and the battery tends to provide a constant power for the HPS. It is noted that the constant powercloses to the high efficiency district of the battery and DC/DC convertor. After that the optimal result is further analyzed undervarious optimization goals andbattery charge/discharge current constrains

Anti-Amyloidogenic and Anti-Apoptotic Role of Melatonin in Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss. Amyloid-β protein (Aβ) deposition plays a critical role in the development of AD. It is now generally accepted that massive neuronal death due to apoptosis is a common characteristic in the brains of patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases, and apoptotic cell death has been found in neurons and glial cells in AD. Melatonin is a secretory product of the pineal gland; melatonin is a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger and may play an important role in aging and AD. Melatonin decreases during aging and patients with AD have a more profound reduction of this indoleamine. Additionally, the antioxidant properties, the anti-amyloidogenic properties and anti-apoptotic properties of melatonin in AD models have been studied. In this article, we review the anti-amyloidogenic and anti-apoptotic role of melatonin in A